Deep Vein Thrombosis

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) can lead to several serious medical problems, including pulmonary embolism (which may be fatal)

Symptons of DVT

Sudden or gradual swelling in one leg or arm.

Pain or tenderness in the affected leg, calf or thigh & feeling of craping or soreness.

The skin may appear red or bluish depending on skin tone.

Even there could be abnormal leg pain due to walking for a long time though part of routine.

If blood clots break & travels to the lung, symptons includeshort of breath, chest pain etc.

Blockage in artery

This leads to restrict in blood flow, chest pain, shortage of breath & some times may cause 

heart attack or stroke depending on which artery is affected.

Causes of blockage

A mixture of fats, cholesterol & other substances build up a plaque on the artery walls.

If a plaque ruptures, blood clot can form & block an artery.

Treatment

Medication can help to manage risk of high cholesterol & blood pressure thereby reducing risk of futher blockages.

Angioplasty & stenting can help to open blocked arteries by using a balloon to widen the vessel & stent to keep it open.

In some cases bypass surgery may be required to reroute the blood flow near blocked artery.

Effect of Diabetes on Kidneys

How diabetes damages kidneys 

High blood sugar from diabetes damages blood vessels and nephrons, the tiny filters in the kidneys.

High blood pressure, which is common in people with diabetes, can also damage the kidneys.

Risk factors for diabetic kidney disease 

Having diabetes for a long time

High blood sugar

High blood pressure

Smoking

Not following your diabetes eating plan

Eating foods high in salt

Symptoms

In early stages, diabetic kidney disease usually doesn't have any symptoms. The only way to know if you have diabetic kidney disease is to get your kidneys checked. 

Treatment

Treatment options for kidney failure are dialysis or a kidney transplant. 

Prevention

Early treatment may prevent or slow diabetic kidney disease and lower the chance of complications. 

Glaucoma - SYmptons, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

Understanding Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness for people over 60 years old. 

But blindness from glaucoma can often be prevented with early treatment.

Glaucoma is a disease that damages your eye’s optic nerve. It usually happens when fluid builds up in the front part of your eye. 

That extra fluid increases the pressure in your eye, damaging the optic nerve.

There are two major types of glaucoma.

1) Open-angle glaucoma

This is the most common type of glaucoma. It happens gradually, where the eye does not drain fluid as well as it should (like a clogged drain). 

As a result, eye pressure builds and starts to damage the optic nerve. 

This type of glaucoma is painless and causes no vision changes at first.

Some people can have optic nerves that are sensitive to normal eye pressure. 

This means their risk of getting glaucoma is higher than normal. Regular eye exams are important to find early signs of damage to their optic nerve.

2) Angle closure glaucoma (also called “closed-angle glaucoma” or “narrow-angle glaucoma”)

This type happens when someone’s iris is very close to the drainage angle in their eye. 

The iris can end up blocking the drainage angle. You can think of it like a piece of paper sliding over a sink drain. When the drainage angle gets completely blocked, eye pressure rises very quickly. This is called an acute attack. It is a true eye emergency, and you should call your ophthalmologist right away or you might go blind.

Here are the signs of an acute angle-closure glaucoma attack:

Your vision is suddenly blurry

You have severe eye pain

You have a headache

You feel sick to your stomach (nausea)

You throw up (vomit)

You see rainbow-colored rings or halos around lights

Many people with angle-closure glaucoma develop it slowly. This is called chronic angle-closure glaucoma. There are no symptoms at first, so they don’t know they have it until the damage is severe or they have an attack.

Angle-closure glaucoma can cause blindness if not treated right away.

Effect of Diabetes on Eye sight

Diabetes can significantly affect eyesight by damaging the blood vessels in the retina, leading to a condition called diabetic retinopathy, 

which causes blurred vision and even vision loss if left untreated; 

Key points about how diabetes affects eyesight:

Diabetic retinopathy:

This is the primary eye complication of diabetes, where high blood sugar damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causing them to leak 

fluid and potentially leading to vision loss. 

Macular edema:

Swelling of the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision, is a common complication of diabetic retinopathy and can cause blurred or distorted vision. 

Cataracts:

People with diabetes are more likely to develop cataracts, a clouding of the eye lens, at a younger age than those without diabetes. 

Glaucoma:

Diabetes can increase the risk of developing glaucoma, a condition that damages the optic nerve and can lead to vision loss if not treated. 

Blurred vision:

Fluctuations in blood sugar levels can cause temporary blurred vision due to changes in fluid within the eye.